ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) IN PEDIATRICS

PHARMACY

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, affecting 5–10% of children globally. This review explores ADHD's epidemiology, including its subtypes (mixed, hyperactive-impulsive, and inattentive) according to the DSM, and its varying prevalence influenced by cultural considerations and diagnostic standars. The etiology of ADHD is multifactorial, involving genetic, neurobiological, and environmental contributors, with neuroimaging studies highlighting structural abnormalities in areas of the brain like the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Diagnosis is clinical, relying on standardized criteria and behavioral assessments, often complicated by comorbidities like anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiant disorder. ADHD symptoms, including inhibition deficits and task-related challenges, manifest early and persist across multiple settings. Treatment strategies encompass behavioral interventions, pharmacological options (primarily stimulants like methylphenidate), and adjunct therapies, including non-stimulants and alternative approaches such as herbal remedies. Effective management emphasizes an integrated approach tailored to the individual, involving families, educators, and healthcare providers to enhance results and life quality.

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