Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Athletic Performance Enhancement: A Critical Review.

Pharmacy

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), synthetic derivatives of testosterone, are widely recognized for their ability to enhance muscle growth and athletic performance, particularly in strength-oriented sports. These compounds promote physiological effects such as increased protein synthesis, appetite stimulation, bone remodelling, and red blood cell production, ultimately contributing to improved muscle mass and strength. Despite these benefits, AAS use is linked to substantial health risks, including liver dysfunction, cardiovascular complications, acne, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy in men, while women may experience virilization effects such as voice deepening, excessive body hair growth, and menstrual irregularities. The ethical and legal challenges surrounding AAS usage are significant, as most sports organizations classify their use as unethical and impose strict penalties, including suspensions and bans, on athletes who test positive. This review critically examines the dual nature of AAS—its potential for enhancing performance versus its health and ethical implications. By balancing these aspects, this paper emphasizes the importance of safeguarding athlete well-being and maintaining the integrity of sports.

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