ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERY FROM ZEBU BONES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DISTILLATION GAS: ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ACTIVATED CARBON BY DRY DISTILLATION.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT

The race to industrialization for good economic growth brings with it several consequences, first of all on the environment and on the sustainable protection of natural resources. This in turn encourages awareness and diversification of energy sources. In this context, the food industry is doubly concerned because it uses fossil fuels but also produces waste. To face this problem related to climate change and for the preservation of the environment, Madagascar has ratified various international conventions on the environment and sustainable development to mitigate the phenomenon of climate change. In the case of Madagascar, the population is beginning to worry about the importance of waste recovery. Newly created industries all over the island, which are the largest producers of waste, are beginning to be increasingly interested in view of the MECIE Decree "Mise en Compatibilité de l'Investissement à l'Environnement" (Making Investment Compatible with the Environment). Given the country's wealth of agricultural and livestock products, several companies working in the agri-food sector are currently facing the problem of managing and recovering their waste, particularly zebu bones. The zebu is one of the country's riches. In the sixties, the number of zebus is three to four times the number of the population. At present, this bovine number is close to half of the population given the resurgence of beef stealing. A beef carcass is composed of 18 to 20% of bones of its weight (http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/french/livestock/beef/facts/05-076f1.htm). The bones are classified into two categories: category 1 comprising the long bones mainly composed of limbs and ribs and representing 80% of the skeleton. On the other hand, category 2 is composed of the short bones such as the skull and vertebrae and represents 20% of the skeleton's mass. The city of Antananarivo needs 400 heads of cattle per day for its consumption, that is to say a production of 75.000 Kg per day of bones (https://www.madonline.com/300-a-400-zebus-par-jour-a-trouver-pour-antananarivo/ ). The purpose of this research work is to find a technology allowing the energetic and material valorization of these zebu bones. The result of the research has shown that the appropriate technology is dry distillation in order to achieve the aforementioned objective. This research work includes respectively: a theoretical study in order to establish mathematical models of the thermal behavior of the dry process distiller, the realization of the latter working with wood energy. The results of the various tests carried out showed that for 500 g of bone, we can obtain 288 g of bone charcoal with the same behavior as activated charcoal, 9.88 l of flammable gas for 18 minutes that can be used as an alternative fuel to wood energy and 320 ml of pyrolytic juice that can be used for various purposes (medical, pharmaceutical). The results of the economic and financial profitability evaluations of the project show the different advantages brought by the dry process distiller in several areas

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