Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for  Lossy and Low-Powered Networks

Amisha vinola lobo; Ananya Devadiga; Amith N; Akshith J K

Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks

November 2025

Vol-11, Issue-6

Paper ID: 27670

ISSN: 2395-4396

Downloads: 0

Abstract & Details

Research Area

Computer networks and IoT

Keywords

IoT LLN RPL LOADng ORPL CTP mobility energy harvesting rank attack reinforcement learning Contiki Cooja DODAG objective function

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized modern connectivity by enabling billions of resource-constrained devices to communicate in challenging environments such as industrial automation, smart agriculture, healthcare monitoring, and ve- hicular networks. These devices operate within Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), characterized by limited battery life, low-duty-cycle radios (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4), high packet loss rates (up to 30%), and dynamic topologies due to node mobility or environmental interference. Efficient routing in LLNs is critical for ensuring reliable data delivery, energy conservation, and network longevity. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of prominent LLN routing protocols, including RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs), LOADng, ORPL, CTP, and five advanced RPL enhancements: LANTERN, MAPLE, LEADER, Sec-OF, and a mobility-energy impact study. We evaluate performance across key metrics—Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy consumption per packet, control overhead, convergence time, memory footprint, and resilience to mobility and security attacks—using standardized simulation platforms (Contiki/Cooja) and real testbeds. Results demonstrate that while RPL offers superior scalability and standardization, it suffers from rank attacks, mobility-induced overhead, and lack of energy harvesting awareness. LANTERN achieves up to 5.7× lifetime extension in solar-powered networks, MAPLE delivers over 99% PRR in mobile scenarios, and LEADER/Sec-OF provide lightweight security with minimal overhead. We propose HARP, a novel hybrid framework that integrates RPL’s DODAG structure with reinforcement learning, opportunistic forwarding, and secure objective functions. This work serves as a practical guide for researchers and practitioners in selecting and enhancing routing protocols for next-generation IoT deployments.

License

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Author Information

#	Name	Institute / Affiliation
1	Amisha vinola lobo	Alvas Institute of Engineering and Technology
2	Ananya Devadiga	Alvas Institute of Engineering and Technology
3	Amith N	Alvas Institute of Engineering and Technology
4	Akshith J K	Alvas Institute of Engineering and Technology

How to Cite

Use the following formats to cite this article in your research.

APA Style

lobo, Amisha vinola, Devadiga, Ananya, N, Amith, & K, Akshith J (2025). Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education, 11(6), 382-388.

MLA Style

lobo, Amisha vinola, et al. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education, vol. 11, no. 6, 2025, pp. 382-388.

IEEE Style

Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K, "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks," International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 382-388, 2025.

Vancouver Style

lobo Amisha vinola, Devadiga Ananya, N Amith, K Akshith J. Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education. 2025;11(6):382-388.

Harvard Style

lobo, Amisha vinola, Devadiga, Ananya, N, Amith, & K, Akshith J (2025) 'Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks', International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education, 11(6), pp. 382-388.

Chicago Style

lobo, Amisha vinola, et al. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education 11, no. 6 (2025): 382-388.

Turabian Style

lobo, Amisha vinola, et al. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education 11, no. 6 (2025): 382-388.