FLUORIDE REMOVAL BY INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL AND BIOMASS WASTES AS ADSORBENTS: REVIEW

Civil Engineering

Fluoride and fluorosis issues are common in a few nations including India. Fluorosis is pandemic in more than 20 states of India. The fluoride comes into ground water by various ways, for example, weathering of rocks, industrial effluents and geochemical reactions. Alternate wellsprings of fluoride come to people in the form of air, foods, cosmetics, and so on.The traces of fluoride in ground water is beneficial for strengthening the dental enamel. Fluoride in overabundance amount higher than 1.5 mg/l causes dental and skeletal fluorosis other than infertility, kidney harm and affects nervous systems as well. The fluoride removal from drinking water and wastewater has been successful by different techniques, for example, coagulation and precipitation, adsorption, ion-exchange, membrane separation, dialysis, electro-dialysis, electrocoagulation and so on. Adsorption process for defluoridation has favoured for the most part in developing countries as it is techno-economical viable method, environmental friendly and straightforwardness in operation. The various adsorbents including activated carbon, activated alumina, metal oxides-hydroxides, bone chars and agricultural and industrial wastes were attempting to keep up the standard limit of fluoride concentration in drinking water by adsorption. Usage of plant materials and agricultural wastes as adsorbents are most adopted in developing country like India in light of the fact that they are low cost materials, available in abundance, biodegradable and natural existence. The industrial by-products are additionally needed to reuse them in advantageous ways for defluoridation as accessible in huge amount and economical. This paper reviews the fluoride uptake capacities of industrial by-products, agricultural wastes and biomass materials from plants, grass, etc. and their modified forms as adsorbents in batch and column performance against different experimental limits.

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