Integrated Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Using WQI, NPI, and Irrigation Indices in a Semi-Arid Coastal Region, Gujarat, India

Science

This study evaluates the seasonal variation and suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation across Ghogha, Bhavnagar, and Talaja talukas in Bhavnagar district, western India. A total of 72 samples collected during pre and post-monsoon seasons were analysed for major physicochemical parameters, Water Quality Index (WQI), Nemerow’s Pollution Index (NPI), and irrigation indices. The analysis indicates pronounced spatial and seasonal variability, with total dissolved solids, hardness, and chloride exceeding permissible limits at several locations in both seasons. WQI results show that most samples fall into poor to unsuitable categories for drinking, with deterioration after the monsoon in several wells due to mobilization of salts. NPI highlights multi-parameter pollution from TDS, nitrate, and major ions. Irrigation suitability indices classify most water as suitable to marginally suitable, though coastal wells exhibit sodium and salinity hazards. The study emphasizes the need for sustained groundwater monitoring, regulated fertiliser use, artificial recharge, and controlled pumping to maintain long-term water quality and ensure sustainable domestic and agricultural use in the region.

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