Evaluating the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer

Medicine

Abstract The most common endocrine disease worldwide is still thyroid cancer (TC). Papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC), medullary (MTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are the main histological types of TC; each has a distinct clinical and molecular profile. TC is more common in women, and regrettably, it has been rising over the past few years. However, new advancements in immunotherapy and targeted medications, like as PD-1 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., lenvatinib, sorafenib), have revolutionised the treatment of advanced or aggressive TC types. The diagnostic procedure uses imaging, molecular testing, and fine-needle aspiration biopsies, for example; looking for mutations that could influence prognosis and offer the best course of treatment. The current standard of care for TC includes chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), surgery (such as a total thyroidectomy), and molecularly targeted medicines. Improved diagnostic accuracy and customised treatment plans based on the genetic profile and tumour subtype are necessary to optimise patient outcomes. Understanding the complicated aetiology of TC and the evolving treatment landscape is essential to improving survival and quality of life.

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