A Unified 6-Terms Formula for Nuclear Binding Energy with a Single Set of Energy Coefficients for Z = 1–140

Nuclear physics

A newly proposed six-terms semi-empirical binding energy formula demonstrates enhanced accuracy and unified applicability across the entire periodic table, from Z=1 to 140. While retaining the foundational structure of the classical semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), this model introduces refined corrections for surface, Coulomb, and asymmetry effects. Validated against experimental data, it predicts nuclear binding energies with typical deviations below 1.5%, significantly outperforming the traditional SEMF, particularly for light nuclei, odd-A systems, and superheavy elements. The model exhibits smooth numerical behaviour, physical consistency, and structural simplicity, making it a valuable tool for nuclear structure modelling, astrophysical applications, and future studies of exotic and superheavy isotopes. In a macroscopic framework, integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques, combined with forthcoming experimental binding energy data, may enable the refinement of the six energy coefficients for improved accuracy and predictive power. From a microscopic perspective, further enhancements can be pursued to address shell effects, pairing interactions, and nuclear deformation in greater detail.

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